ROS Modulation Compounds
Comprehensive analysis of 82 bioactive compounds and their effects on Reactive Oxygen Species
Increases ROS
Decreases ROS
Context-Dependent
Unknown
62
Pro-oxidant
8
Antioxidant
12
Variable
1
Unknown
82 compounds
| Compound | Dosage | Contextual Notes |
|---|
Important Considerations
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play complex dual roles in cellular physiology and cancer therapy:
- Dual Roles: Low physiological ROS levels support cellular signaling and proliferation, while high levels cause oxidative damage and cell death.
- Context Dependence: Effects vary significantly by cell type, metabolic state, genetic background, and microenvironment (e.g., hypoxia).
- Dosage Considerations: Many compounds shift from antioxidant to pro-oxidant effects at higher concentrations.
- Temporal Dynamics: Acute ROS increases may trigger adaptive responses while chronic elevation leads to cell death.
- Source Specificity: Compounds may target different ROS sources (mitochondria, NOX enzymes, peroxisomes) with distinct biological consequences.
This table synthesizes current research on ROS-modulating compounds. For informational and research purposes only.
ROS Fundamentals
Precise ROS Classification
| ROS Name | Chemical Formula | Type | Key Biological Role/Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydroxyl Radical | •OH | Radical | Highly damaging to biomolecules; causes oxidative stress |
| Superoxide Anion | O₂•⁻ | Radical | Mitochondrial signaling precursor; can lead to oxidative damage |
| Hydrogen Peroxide | H₂O₂ | Non-Radical | Important signaling molecule; precursor to hydroxyl radicals |
| Singlet Oxygen | ¹O₂ | Non-Radical | Involved in photodegradation and lipid peroxidation |
| Hydroperoxyl Radical | HOO• | Radical | Involved in lipid peroxidation chain reactions |
| Hypochlorite Ion | ClO⁻ | Non-Radical | Antimicrobial defense in immune cells |
| Peroxynitrite | ONOO⁻ | Non-Radical | Causes nitration and oxidation of biomolecules |
Key Distinction: Radical species (•) have unpaired electrons making them highly reactive, while non-radicals like H₂O₂ require activation but can diffuse through membranes.
Dual Role of ROS in Cancer
Low/Moderate ROS
- Promotes cancer cell proliferation via MAPK/ERK pathways
- Activates pro-survival transcription factors (NF-κB, HIF-1α)
- Induces angiogenesis through VEGF signaling
High ROS
- Causes oxidative damage to DNA/proteins/lipids
- Triggers apoptosis via p53 activation
- Induces ferroptosis through lipid peroxidation
Cancer cells maintain redox reprogramming - elevated baseline ROS with enhanced antioxidant capacity (glutathione, superoxide dismutase) for survival advantage.
Advanced Therapeutic Mechanisms
Pro-Oxidant Strategies
- Antioxidant system inhibition: Targeting glutathione (buthionine sulfoximine), thioredoxin (auranofin), or superoxide dismutase
- ROS-generating agents: Artemisinin (iron-dependent), IV vitamin C (extracellular H₂O₂ generation)
- Mitochondrial targeting: Compounds like berberine that disrupt electron transport chain
ROS-Sensitive Nanomaterials
GSH-scavenging: Depletes glutathione in tumor microenvironment
H₂O₂-responsive: Drug release triggered by high peroxide levels
Fenton catalysts: Generate hydroxyl radicals at tumor site
Contextual Complexity Factors
- Genetic background: p53 status determines apoptotic response to ROS
- Microenvironment: Hypoxia stabilizes HIF-1α altering ROS responses
- Metabolic state: Glycolytic tumors vs. oxidative phosphorylation
- Temporal patterns: Acute spikes (signaling) vs. chronic elevation (damage)
Scientific References & Resources
Reactive Oxygen Species - Wikipedia
Comprehensive overview of ROS chemistry, biological roles, and significance in health and disease.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species
en.wikipedia.org
Overview
Chemistry
Health
ROS: Basic Concepts, Sources, Cellular Signaling, and its Implications in Aging Pathways
Detailed examination of ROS generation pathways and their role in cellular aging processes.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9605829/
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Aging
Cellular Signaling
Pathways
Defining ROS in Biology and Medicine
Clarifies the precise biochemical definitions and classifications of ROS species.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5921829/
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Definitions
Classification
Biochemistry
The Role of ROS in Chemical and Biochemical Processes
Explores the fundamental chemical properties of ROS and their biochemical interactions.
https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/12458/the-role-of-reactive-oxygen-species-in-chemical-and-biochemical-processes/magazine
frontiersin.org
Chemical Processes
Biochemistry
Interactions
Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Compounds: Properties, Design, and Applications
Focuses on engineered materials that respond to ROS levels for therapeutic applications.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/bk-2023-1436.ch008
pubs.acs.org
Materials
Drug Delivery
Nanotechnology
Molecular mechanisms of ROS-modulated cancer chemoresistance and therapeutic strategies
Examines how ROS contribute to chemotherapy resistance and strategies to overcome it.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371851922_Molecular_mechanisms_of_ROS-modulated_cancer_chemoresistance_and_therapeutic_strategies
researchgate.net
Chemoresistance
Therapeutic Strategies
Cancer
Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer Progression
Comprehensive review of ROS mechanisms in tumor development, progression, and metastasis.
https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/11/735
mdpi.com
Cancer Progression
Metastasis
Tumor Development
Upsides and Downsides of Reactive Oxygen Species for Cancer
Balanced perspective on the dual roles of ROS in both promoting and inhibiting cancer.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3324815/
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Dual Roles
Cancer Therapy
Redox Balance
ROS-sensitive biomaterials in cancer therapy
Cutting-edge review of nanotechnology applications that exploit ROS in tumor microenvironments.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11829892/
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Nanomaterials
Targeted Therapy
Tumor Microenvironment
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