Sulforaphane is a naturally occurring compound in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage.
In laboratory studies, sulforaphane is a potent HDAC inhibitor that can reduce HDAC activity by up to 40%. It has also been shown to induce gene expression in regulating cancer cell growth and death.
Sulforaphane blocks the translocalization of HIF-1α to the nucleus and suppresses hypoxia-mediated glycolysis.{ref}
Caution: due to its direct binding to Keap1 sulforaphane produces potent and sustained activation of Nrf2 {ref} Sulforaphane's effects on NRF2-driven growth in cancer cells are complex and its potential benefits should be carefully considered in the context of specific cancer types and p53 status.
Nrf2-active cancer cells are sensitive to glutamine depletion.
Sulforaphane may interfere with immunotherapy by immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., CTLA-4 antibodies and PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies) or CAR (chimeric antigen receptors) T-cells in cancer patients, and a combination of both treatments may not be advisable. {ref}
Intermittent and use in synergistic combinations may be most effective/safest e.g. 2 or 3x/week.
Vegetable | Sulforaphane Content (approx.) | Notes |
---|---|---|
Broccoli Sprouts | Very High | Highest known source of glucoraphanin; up to 100x more than mature broccoli. |
Broccoli | High | Major source of glucoraphanin; best consumed raw or lightly steamed. |
Kale | Moderate | Contains glucoraphanin; cooking reduces myrosinase activity. |
Cauliflower | Moderate | Contains moderate levels of glucoraphanin; cooking reduces sulforaphane formation. |
Cabbage | Low to Moderate | Has glucoraphanin and other glucosinolates; sulforaphane yield depends on preparation. |
Brussels Sprouts | Low to Moderate | Contains glucoraphanin; cooking can significantly reduce sulforaphane formation. |
Mustard Greens | Low | Contains other isothiocyanates, but lower in glucoraphanin compared to broccoli. |
Turnips | Low | Contains small amounts of glucoraphanin; not a major source of sulforaphane. |
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