Butyrate

• Butyrate C4H8O2 is a short-chain fatty acid important to the health of the gut microbiome and can induce cell growth inhibition in (colon) cancer cells.
• anti-inflammatory {ref│ref│ref}
• immunomodulator {ref}
• preferentially induces apoptosis in glycolytic cells {ref}
• prevents anaerobic glycolysis and promotes normal oxidative glycolysis (epigenetically)
• is an HDAC inhibitor 🛈
• modulator of redox signaling {ref}
• reduces endotoxin levels {ref│ref}
• reduces plasma glucose {ref}
• inhibits the growth of E. coli {ref}
• restoring butyrate intestinal levels mitigate clinical and pathological features of C. difficile {ref}

⚡ Synergy

• Artemisinin {study}
• Vitamin A (cod liver oil, carrot)
• Vitamin D {study/study}
• Aloe Vera
• DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
• Curcumin
• Quercetin
• Acetylcarnitine {ref}

⮏ Potential antagonistic interactions

• A low-carb, high-fat (or high-protein) diet may reduce butyrate production

Supplements and pharmaceutical drugs: Tributyrin (Butycaps) {ref}, Sodium/Calcium/Potassium/Magnesium Butyrate, Intrinsa Genoma Nutritionals (contains magnesium, butyric acid, caprylic acid), Pendulum Glucose Control *, PhenylButyrate (link)

You can also increase butyrate by eating enough fiber (fruits and vegetables), type III resistant starch {ref}, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides, herbs and herbal teas such as (green) tea {ref}, senna {study}, licorice, ginger {study}, Triphala {ref}; honey, orange juice {ref}, kombucha, coffee, chlorella, butter/ghee, taurine, curcumin, modified citrus pectin, kelp, walnuts {ref}, yacon, carrot, cooled potato, exercise.

I wonder if it might be beneficial to do a one-time 7 day-course of a broad-spectrum antibiotic first and then start with the foods and supplements as mentioned above. Sort of a reset: out with the old, in with the new. 

Niacin supplementation has been shown to shift macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory profile.

(*) What specific bacteria help create butyrate?

There are many species of bacteria that either contribute to the butyrate-making process or are responsible for the actual production of butyrate. 

Some of the most common species who are responsible for producing butyrate:

• Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (belongs to Clostridium leptum cluster)
• Eubacterium rectale (belongs to Clostridium coccoides cluster)
• Roseburia spp. (Roseburia faecis, Roseburia inulinivorans, Roseburia intestinalis, and Roseburia hominis)
• Clostridium butyricum
• Clostridium beijerinckii
• Eubacterium spp. (Eubacterium hallii)
• Anaerostipes spp. (Anaerostipes butyraticus, Anaerostipes caccae, and Anaerostipes hadrus)
• Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum {study}

 

Additionally, species of bacteria in the Bifidobacterium genus are known to help break carry out the first steps in fiber digestion, providing molecules to the gut microbiome that the above species can use to make butyrate.

https://pendulumlife.com/blogs/news/butyrate-benefits-and-foods

Stress, Anxiety, Depression And Mood: The Gut Microbiome Is Involved

References & Sources

• The niacin/butyrate receptor GPR109A suppresses mammary tumorigenesis by inhibiting cell survival
• Effect of sodium butyrate on estrogen receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression in human breast cancer cell lines
• GPR109A Is a G-protein–Coupled Receptor for the Bacterial Fermentation Product Butyrate and Functions as a Tumor Suppressor in Colon{study}
• Butyrate Makes Macrophages “Go Nuclear” against Bacterial Pathogens
• The association between gut butyrate-producing bacteria and non-small-cell lung cancer {study}
• The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome {ref}
• Sodium Butyrate Selectively Kills Cancer Cells and Inhibits Migration in Colorectal Cancer by Targeting Thioredoxin-1 {ref}
• Butyrate-induced partial remission of acute myelogenous leukemia in a child {ref}
• Sodium butyrate promotes apoptosis in breast cancer cells through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and mitochondrial impairment {ref}
• Different effects of sodium butyrate on cancer and normal prostate cells {ref}
• The effect of sodium butyrate as a histone deacetylase inhibitor on the gene expression of Bid in HT-29 human colorectal cancer cell line
• Targeting Histone Deacetylases for Cancer Therapy: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications {study}
• Plant extracts as natural modulators of gut microbiota community structure and functionality
• Cross sectional evaluation of the gut-microbiome metabolome axis in an Italian cohort of IBD patients{ref} phospholipids pathways role in cancer
• The Role of Butyrate in Attenuating Pathobiont-Induced Hyperinflammation
• Study discovers link between cancer and autism
• Image reference: https://www.cmghjournal.org/article/S2352-345X(18)30034-1/fulltext
• Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) as a Food Supplement: Health-Promoting Benefits of Fructooligosaccharides
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